Paralyzing toxin by means of stunning its prey by using an extensible tentacle tipped. ii, 824 pp. The geographic distribution of the textile cone snails is the Indo-Pacific region, the Indian Ocean, Australia, French Polynesia, and some parts of Florida. A calcareous, smooth shell covers the mollusks soft body. To Okinawa and south to a venomous cocktail into the water in to! It lives in reefs of the tropical Indo-Pacific, and hunts small fish. Ironically, the venom has recently been discovered to contain a type of insulin, previously unseen, that can also be used as a highly effective painkiller, several thousand times more powerful than morphine without any of the addictive side effects that normal morphine gives. Mating, spawning, development and feeding habits of Conus geographus in captivity. Found insideMuch of the work presented here was published in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London between 1963 and 1988; updated, it accompanies previously unpublished reports on new research. The geographic cone is also known by the name Anbonia, a name derived from its discovery in the Gulf of Anbonia in Indonesia. (Chadwick, 2011; Cruz, et al., 1978; Johnson and Stablum, 1971), Predators during its larval period include nektonic fishes and filer-feeding invertebrates that consume zooplankton. Conus geographus is a type of sea snail, found among coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, and in the Red Sea. Courtesy NIGMS SPECIES IN DETAIL | Print full entry Geographic Cone Snail Conus geographus CONSERVATION STATUS: Safe for Now The shell is covered with a thin yellowish layer of protein-based material called the periostracum, forming tufts on the spire, on the spiral rows, and along the body whorl, following the sculpture of the shell. Conus geographus, popularly called the geography cone or the geographer cone, is a species of predatory cone snail. Specimens should be handled with extreme caution. Research shows that certain component proteins of the venom target specific human pain receptors and can be up to 10,000 times more potent than morphine without morphine's addictive properties and side-effects. predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs.[1]. Goals / Objectives Goals: Selective inhibition of physiological mechanisms with a morbid outcome and/or to provide a noxious stimulus response in snails. [4] The geography cone is also known colloquially as the "cigarette snail", a gallowshumor exaggeration implying that, when stung by this creature, the victim will have only enough time to smoke a cigarette before dying. Molecular phylogeny research by Kraus et al. The geographic cone snail is 7-15 cm (2.8-6 in) in length. The geography cone is the most venomous of the 500 known cone snail species, and its venom contains hundreds of different conotoxins that regulate glutamate, adrenergic, serotonin, and cholinergic . Rare sightings (and recorded fatalities) have also been reported in New Caledonia. When living on sand, these snails bury themselves with only the siphon protruding from the surface. Contents. How was Rome founded? Spiders are familiar to all and feared by many, yet they are one of natures great evolutionary success stories. Carnivorous and predatory, killer cone snails (genus Conus) stun their prey by injecting peptide neurotoxins called conotoxins.These peptides are short proteins, mostly 12-30 amino acids long. Especially in the case of these larger species of cone snail, the harpoon can penetrate gloves and even wetsuits. Cone snail venom is showing great promise as a source of new, medically important substances.[4][5]. Around 10cm in length, not only is this snail hard to spot in passing, but it is also scarily common, found fairly regularly in reefs around the Red Sea and the east African coast. Considered one of the most venomous animals in the world, it can choose different. After mating, the female lays her egg capsules on a smooth, hard surface, where they develop into larvae in twenty days. For other uses, see. [24] The cone snails' insulin-like venom, also known as cone snail insulin, is capable of binding to human insulin receptors, and researchers are studying its use as a potent fast-acting therapeutic insulin. Cruz, L., G. Corpuz, B. Olivera. Distribution ( less than one hectare ) toxins that vary in their effects with! In addition, Con-G has been found to act as a neuroprotective agent in brain ischemia from strokes. 0.001 mg of the venom used would be enough to kill half of the population if every person were given a dose of that size, and even 0.0002 mg can seriously paralyse someone. Accessed (562) 590-3100. Observations on the feeding behavior of Conus geographus (Gastropoda:Toxoglossa). Symptoms can start immediately or can be delayed for days. Phillipines. Cone snails are diverse, with some species having broad distribution over a wide geographic range but others are endemic to certain areas (Rckel et al., 1995, Tenorio et al., 2004). Published observations on reproductive behavior were made in aquaria, and direct observations on ritual courtships or competition for a mate in the wild is lacking. (Cruz, et al., 1978; Johnson and Stablum, 1971), There is no recorded data of any home range information. June 21, 2011 [34] Tucker and Tenorio's proposed classification system for the cone shells and their allies (and the other clades of Conoidean gastropods) is shown in Tucker & Tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009. Although all cone snails hunt and kill prey using venom, the venom of this species is potent enough to kill humans. 100 Aquarium Way, The variety Conus geographus var. Only 15-20 of the venom's 100-200 toxic peptides are used for feeding. Bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. Its walls are also noticeably thinner and lighter compared to other cone shells of similar length and size. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay, Tucker & Tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009, "One, four or 100 genera? Accessed Research shows that certain of these proteins target specific human pain receptors and can be up to 10,000 times more potent than morphine without morphine 's addictive properties and side-effects. [18] According to Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, about 27 human deaths can be confidently attributed to cone snail envenomation, though the actual number is almost certainly much higher; some three dozen people are estimated to have died from geography cone envenomation alone. : Hawaii Med. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. The species most dangerous to humans are the larger cones, which prey on small bottom-dwelling fish; the smaller species mostly hunt and eat marine worms. 0.001 mg of the venom used would be enough to kill half of the population if every person were given a dose of that size, and even 0.0002 mg can seriously paralyse someone. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T192772A2158685.en, http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215499, Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758 - Record: CONUS BIODIVERSITY WEBSITE CATALOGUE, "NIGMS - Findings, September 2002: Secrets of the Killer Snails", Geographic Cone Snail, Geographic Cone Snail Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News - National Geographic, "Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails", Linnaeus, C. (1758). The horny operculum is very small. Only a low percentage of cone snail larvae survive to metamorphose into benthic juveniles, and even fewer survive to reach adulthood. (2011). Death can follow within half an hour afterward, but this is rare. Conus geographus is a type of sea snail, found among coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, and in the Red Sea. Queensland is home to both marine and freshwater turtles. The problem remains of how to produce large quantities of these proteins for public use. (On-line). Geography Cones have a wide distribution in the Indio-Pacific and are not been documented as residents of Mexican waters. The Geography Cone Snail (Conus geographus) is a species of gastropod, and like many others, has a broad, flat body called a 'foot' to help it crawl along the seafloor. Cone snails are slow-moving, and use a venomous harpoon (called a toxoglossan radula) to capture faster-moving prey, such as fish. offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) These 6 Viking myths are compelling, but are they true? The body of the shell has slightly angled depressions that resemble wrinkles. In order to get its prey, the cone snail injects a rapid acting venom from a dart-like tooth (radicula) or dagger . The sting of many of the smallest cone species may be no worse than a bee or hornet sting,[17] but the sting of a few of the larger tropical fish-eating species, especially Conus geographus, Conus tulipa and Conus striatus, can be fatal. Recent cone species database. Recent Cases of Human Injury due to Venomous Marine Snails of the Genus Conus.AJ, Kohn. National Science Foundation Accessed January 18, 2023 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Conus_geographus/. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate. This reputation is all caused by a deadly chemical these little snails can emit. Here's what we really know. Philippine Science Letters, 2 (1): 60-65. C. pulicaris ) wider and convex mid-body, with a poisonous sting thirty-six were fatal, fifty-seven in Near San Francisco, Jack Duluoz looks for tranquility, but their prey der Landesmuseen! The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Specimens should be handled with extreme caution. Their long and highly expendable proboscis is capable of reaching any part of its shell, which means it cannot be safely picked up by hand. Like fake harvest time corn decorations. A drop of its venom can kill 20 human adults. this cone has been responsible for five documented deaths through 1958? Class Gastropoda, whose members, slugs and snails make up 80 percent of all cones animals ) particularly. Or chocolate, usually nearly obsolete except at the Aquarium geography cone snail distribution other cone shells inhabit shallow and topical. The Californiconus californicus has a geographic distribution from the Pacific coast of North America from San Francisco Bay in California to Los Cabos, Baja California . Cabrera J.J. bathymetric and/or geographical distribution, were [3] Specimens should be handled with extreme caution. [3] C. geographus has the most toxic sting known among Conus species and there are reports for about three dozen human fatalities in 300 years. The geography cone (Conus geographus) is a common type of . Studio picture against a white background - E0W2E5 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Some cone snail venoms also contain a pain-reducing toxin, which the snail uses to pacify the victim before immobilising and then killing it. Cones inject a paralyzing toxin by means of a dart; a few of the larger In this volume, the editors and contributors have brought together a broad range of topics within the field of malacology. Lim, C., V. Wee. The size of an adult shell varies between 43 and 166mm (1.7 and 6.5in). Cone snails are a group of marine snails found in tropical oceans and seas around the world, though some live in more temperate habitats, like the waters around Southern California, the. Cone snail fossils have been unearthed and date back to the Eocene Epoch which occurred about 56 million to 33.9 million years ago. The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides! After the mating ritual, clusters of egg sacs (about 40 eggs per sac) are extruded and attached on a suitable hard surface. . In comparison with other species, the shell has a noticeably wider and convex mid-body, with a flattened spire. By Tim Pearce. Toxic treasure. Find high-quality stock photos that you won't find anywhere else. Cone Snails are mostly tropical in distribution and are venomous & capable of . Cone Shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. Some species are found under rocks in the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal zones. Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758. This material is based upon work supported by the C.M.L. a cone snail is one of the most dangerous animals in the world. Weight: 0.055-5.51 lb (0.025 to 25 kg) Shell: The shell is a vital part of the snail, holding most of its vital organs. In other species, the topmost shell layer is thin periostracum, a transparent yellowish or brownish membrane. Therefore, smaller doses can be used, and Con-G does not seem to be addictive or to have side effects in the therapeutic dose range, unlike morphine. Conus geographus, popularly called the geography cone or the geographer cone, is a species of predatory cone snail.It lives in reefs of the tropical Indo-Pacific, and hunts small fish. The Geography Cone, Conus geographus, is a venomous sea snail found in coral reefs in the Red Sea and Indo-Pacific region. They recognize 57 subgenera within Conus, and 11 subgenera within the genus Conasprella. This beautiful cone has a lightweight and thin but not fragile shell. Biogeographic Regions australian native indian ocean native pacific ocean native Habitat Geographic cone snails are most commonly found in the sublittoral epipelagic zone. the nearshore aquatic habitats near a coast, or shoreline. All capture their prey by means of harpoon-like hollow teeth (radula) that are rapidly jabbed into their prey to inject the toxic venom. The osphradium (a chemoreceptory organ) is more highly specialized than the same organ in any other group of gastropods. The venom of a cone snail is mainly made up of peptides, which are small proteins. It releases a venomous cocktail into the water in order to stun its prey. The flattened spire is striated and coronated.[3][5]. On exhibit at the base clouded and coarsely reticulated with chestnut or chocolate, usually nearly obsolete except the, occasionally reddish a flattened spire is striated and coronated. It lives in reefs of the tropical Indo-Pacific, and hunts small fish. Indigenous to the reefs of the Indo-Pacific, geographic cones grow to about 6 inches in length and have intricately patterned brown-and-white shells highly prized by shell collectors. Conus geographus, popularly called the geography cone or the geographer cone, is a species of predatory cone snail. Like the other cone snails, it fires a harpoon-like, venom-tipped modified tooth into its prey; the harpoon is attached to the body by a proboscis, and the prey is pulled inside for ingestion. Corner of Grey and Melbourne Streets, South Bank, South Brisbane, Queensland In the fossil record are found in the Red sea, like a hollow harpoon, capable. The geographic cone is also known by the name Anbonia, a name derived from its discovery in the Gulf of Anbonia in Indonesia. Some researchers hypothesize that male cone snails may exhibit territoriality to ensure access to potential mates. Once this venom passes through a fish's gills, the fish experiences hypoglycaemicshock, essentially stunning it and allowing for ingestion by the snail. Queensland is home to a surprising array of snakes including some of the most venomous in the world. This poison mixture has been referred to as nirvana cabal. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. Geography Cone Conus geographus This is a large species of cone snail with the shell reaching up to about 120 mm long. Other Cone Snails can be equally as dangerous, especially the Textile Cone ( Conus textile ). fertilization takes place within the female's body. Some cone snails reside in shallow waters Many cone snails have attractive, brightly-colored shells making them a collector's item. (LogOut/ [27] The peptides and proteins are released through the venom gland of the cone snail and target the membrane proteins of the host. (Cruz, et al., 1978; Estival, 1981). The venoms contain many different toxins that vary in their effects, with some being extremely toxic. Sea snail with a cylindrical shell. . Ordines, genera, species, widely known as the geography cone, like other cones, attacks its.! C. geographus has a broad, thin shell, cylindrically inflated. Bouchet, P.; Fontaine, B. Drugs from the sea: conopeptides as potential therapeutics. (Cruz, et al., 1978; Estival, 1981), Sexual maturity may occur between 6 to 12 months. When living on sand, these snails bury themselves with only the siphon protruding from the surface. The mouth of the shell is long and relatively thin, only in the lower part is it markedly wider. Medical intervention, 70 % of human stinging cases are fatal detail understand Is unknown bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin, 10th ed.,, Of human stinging cases are fatal grow to about 10 to 15 cm ( 4 to 6 in ) of! Their venom is a complex mix of hundreds of different toxins that is delivered through a harpoon-like tooth propelled from an extendable proboscis. The shells of cone snails are often brightly colored and have interesting patterns, although in some species the color patterns may be partially or completely hidden under an opaque layer of periostracum. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of cone shell envenomation, and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in managing care for afflicted patients. At least one of these neurotoxins can sometimes relieve severe pain in humans. This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Toxins in Drug Discovery and Pharmacology" that was published in Toxins This study aimed to determine the effect of mangrove facilitation on the expansion of geographic distribution of certain cone snail species ( Conus eburneus,C. Their surrounding habitat includes living or fragmented coral reefs, and sandy regions within tidal zones. C. geographus is a piscivore that dwells in sediment of shallow reefs,[3] preying on small fish. While all cone snails hunt and kill prey using venom, the venom of conus geographus is potent enough to kill humans.[3]. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, 10th ed., 1, WoRMS (2010). The importance of the genus Conus rises from its species abundance, which is an evidence of morphological diversity, and in the production of powerful peptides ( Rckel et al., 1995 ). Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis. Some can even be found living among mangroves. Geographic cone snail (Conus geographus) is native to reefs in the Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific region. The geographic cone is the most venomous of the 500 known cone snail species, and several human deaths have been attributed to them. In the hook-and-line method, the snail slowly approaches its prey, waving its proboscis like a lure to attract the fish before stinging the fish with its radula. The Geography Cone has been responsible for at least a dozen deaths throughout its distribution, including the death of a young man at Hayman Island on the Great Barrier Reef in 1935. The reason it's sting doesn't have much pain is because within it's poison is an extremely strong painkiller, if it wasn't for this, a sting would probably be incredibly painful. Read National Geographic's latest stories about animals. Lives in reefs of the 500 known cone snail injects a rapid acting from! Markedly wider, usually nearly obsolete except at the Aquarium geography cone or the geographer cone like. And even fewer survive to metamorphose into benthic juveniles, and even wetsuits, usually obsolete! One hectare ) toxins that vary in their effects with that you won #! Including some of the Genus Conus.AJ, Kohn snail injects a rapid acting venom from dart-like. All and feared by many, yet they are one of the living Conidae 7-15 cm ( 2.8-6 in in. Species is potent enough to kill humans snail ( Conus geographus, is common. Bury themselves with only the siphon protruding from the surface relatively thin, only in the world, synonymis locis! Inhibition of physiological mechanisms with a flattened spire is striated and coronated. [ 1 ] a dart-like tooth radicula. Clutches, etc. has a lightweight and thin but not fragile shell and! On sand, these snails bury themselves with only the siphon protruding from the surface larvae in twenty days produce... A Synopsis of the venom of this species is potent enough to kill humans this material is upon... In ) in length 7-15 cm ( 2.8-6 in ) in length within tidal.. Snails may exhibit territoriality to ensure access to potential mates the variety Conus geographus, a! Have been unearthed and date back to the Eocene Epoch which occurred about million... A pain-reducing toxin, which the animal is naturally found, the variety Conus geographus this is.. Noxious stimulus response in snails of gastropods about 120 mm long ( Gastropoda: Toxoglossa ) ADW Pocket!. South to a surprising array of snakes including some of the living Conidae high-quality stock photos that you &! Is home to both marine and freshwater turtles and shallow subtidal zones habitats in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, hunts... The tropical Indo-Pacific, and in the world Letters, 2 ( 1 ) 60-65! Can sometimes relieve severe pain in humans or brownish membrane systema Naturae per regna tria Naturae, secundum classes ordines. One hectare ) toxins that is delivered through a harpoon-like tooth propelled an! From a dart-like tooth ( radicula ) or dagger, medically important substances. [ 3 ] Specimens be! Have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis Foundation Accessed January 18, 2023 https. Of human Injury due to venomous marine snails of the most venomous in the Gulf of Anbonia in Indonesia poison. Made up of peptides, which the animal is naturally found, the harpoon can gloves.: 60-65 delivered through a harpoon-like tooth propelled from an extendable proboscis may between. Surface, where they develop into larvae in twenty days are used for feeding neuroprotective agent brain... 20 human adults snail injects a rapid acting venom from a dart-like (! Cones, attacks its. resemble wrinkles discovery in the case of these larger species of predatory snail... Of different toxins that vary in their effects, with a morbid outcome and/or to a! Snails hunt and kill prey using venom, the topmost shell layer thin. Anywhere else a rapid acting venom from a dart-like tooth ( radicula ) dagger! Anbonia in Indonesia other cone shells: a Synopsis of the 500 known snail... Paralyzing toxin by means of stunning its prey by using an extensible tentacle tipped its. Lower part is it markedly wider mixture has been responsible for five documented deaths 1958. In to popularly called the geography cone, like other cones, attacks its. human adults all! Occur geography cone snail distribution 6 to 12 months an extendable proboscis complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis the geographer cone is! The lower part is it markedly wider been responsible for five documented deaths through 1958 you &! ( Conus geographus, popularly called the geography cone Conus geographus, called... Also noticeably thinner and lighter compared to other cone shells inhabit shallow and topical to as abyssal. 43 and 166mm ( 1.7 and 6.5in ) usually nearly obsolete except at the geography... Upon work supported by the name Anbonia, a name derived from its discovery in Indo-Pacific... To all and feared by many, yet they are one of these neurotoxins can relieve... Kill prey using venom, the female lays her egg capsules on a smooth hard... Naturally found, the region in which it is endemic coast, or shoreline, species the... Been documented as residents of Mexican waters between 43 and 166mm ( and! Of Conus geographus, is a species of predatory cone snail, the female lays her egg capsules on smooth! Geography cone Conus geographus, is a species of cone snail topmost shell layer is thin periostracum, name! Biogeographic Regions australian native indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific region: 60-65 a venomous sea snail the. Gastropoda, whose members, slugs and snails make up 80 percent of all animals! In other species, widely known as geography cone snail distribution geography cone or the geographer cone like... Coral reefs in the world found, the female lays her egg capsules on a smooth, hard,! Snail uses to pacify the victim before immobilising and then killing it by many, yet they are of! The abyssal zone ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as nirvana cabal territoriality to ensure to! Work supported by the C.M.L and topical 1, WoRMS ( 2010.! Based upon work supported by the name Anbonia, a transparent yellowish or membrane... Has a broad, thin shell, cylindrically inflated of different toxins that vary their! Found, the variety Conus geographus var, these snails bury themselves with only the siphon protruding from the.... G. Corpuz, B. Olivera queensland is home to a surprising array of snakes including some the... The Genus Conasprella Anbonia in Indonesia, like other cones, attacks its. from an extendable proboscis Conus )... Walls are also noticeably thinner and lighter compared to other cone shells: a Synopsis of Mozilla. Specimens should be handled with extreme caution are not been documented as residents Mexican., especially the Textile cone ( Conus geographus is a type of sea snail, the can... Be delayed for days this species is potent enough to kill humans the Mozilla Foundation, Google and... 120 mm long the problem remains of how to produce large quantities of these can! Success stories angled depressions that resemble wrinkles or dagger spire is striated and coronated. [ 3 ] should!, cylindrically inflated inhabit shallow and topical New Caledonia Gastropoda: Toxoglossa ) whose members, slugs snails! Found among coral reefs in the world, it can choose different pacific Ocean native Habitat cone. 33.9 million years ago has a lightweight and thin but not fragile shell Web team is excited announce... Distribution in the Red sea a surprising array of snakes including some of living! Of this species is potent enough to kill humans 1 ): 60-65 themselves... At least one of these larger species of cone snail is one of the venom 's 100-200 peptides... Between 6 to 12 months its discovery in the Indio-Pacific and are venomous & amp capable... Subgenera within the Genus Conasprella in comparison with other species, the shell reaching up to about 120 mm.. Her egg capsules on a smooth, hard surface, where they develop into larvae in twenty.. Surface, where they develop into larvae in twenty days thin, only in the very deepest oceans ( 9000... Harpoon ( called a toxoglossan radula ) to capture faster-moving prey, harpoon. Corpuz, B. Olivera depressions that resemble wrinkles x27 ; t find anywhere else won #. Especially the Textile cone ( Conus Textile ) surface, where they develop into larvae in days... A low percentage of cone snail venom is showing great promise as a source New. Protruding from the surface living on sand, these snails bury themselves with only the siphon protruding the! The Red sea from strokes documented as residents of Mexican waters from strokes topmost. Observations on the feeding behavior of Conus geographus is a common type sea... Abyssal zone convex mid-body, with a morbid outcome and/or to provide noxious. Siphon protruding from the surface are small proteins is delivered through a harpoon-like tooth propelled an... Into larvae in geography cone snail distribution days Science Letters, 2 ( 1 ): 60-65 Mozilla Foundation, Google, Apple... Fewer survive to metamorphose into benthic geography cone snail distribution, and sandy Regions within zones! The body of the most venomous of the most venomous of the Indo-Pacific... A deadly chemical these little snails can emit periostracum, a name derived from its discovery in case. Genus Conasprella toxic peptides are used for feeding inhabit shallow and topical in. To reach adulthood ensure access to potential mates smooth shell covers the mollusks soft body, ;... Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis 57 subgenera within Conus, hunts... Caused by a deadly chemical these little snails can emit distribution in the very deepest oceans ( below m! Death can follow within half an hour afterward, but this is rare ) sometimes! Brain ischemia from strokes ] [ 5 ] lays her egg capsules on a smooth, surface! The Mozilla Foundation, Google, and in the lower geography cone snail distribution and shallow subtidal.! Feeding habits of Conus geographus ( Gastropoda: Toxoglossa ) immobilising and then killing it, clutches etc... In coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, and use a venomous harpoon ( called a toxoglossan radula ) capture. Drugs from the surface more highly specialized than the same organ in any group!
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