The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. Soc Sci J 36:515523, Gladwin C, Gladwin H, Peacock WG (2001) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. IMO, UI, CPD-NCIP, Reykjavk, Jhannesdttir G, Gsladttir G (2010) People living under threat of volcanic hazard in southern Iceland: vulnerability and risk perception. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. I would be anxious. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Palgrave Communications I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). CAS We of course ran to the TV and turned it on and turned on the computers and [motions typing on keyboard] and made phone calls and we had phones calls and then we tried to get more information from the television mostly and the internet and when we didnt get any more information we just went to bed. Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe . Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. Learn. Risk Anal 32:601615. Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. Eruption 2010: Nature of event:: Eyjafjallajokull (E15) is an ice-covered stratovolcano South-East of Iceland. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. 1 / 9. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. However, 64% of the 52 respondents who answered questions on agricultural practices indicated they had alternate sources of income with most of these from tourism. In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. Despite this, some appreciated the eruption for its sheer beauty and force. . Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. This unrealistic optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in their community (Paton et al. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. The name is a description of the characteristics of the volcano, namely Eyja meaning island; fjalla meaning mountain; and jokull meaning glacier The tectonic setting for the Volcanic hazard Each household was visited at least twice during the day. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. The regional Chief of Police and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) held meetings with scientists, local police and rescue teams in response to increased seismicity in and around Eyjafjallajkull in early 2010. This sentiment was not only directed to children growing up in the suburbs of Reykjavk, but also to the local farming region. Youre told to evacuate and you do that. Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. However, the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the economy and worldwide aviation. Data collection tools are available from the lead author on request. Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). 08 July 2021. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. Bass101568. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). Again, residents in Slheimar and lftaver were not required to evacuate. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. It is very misleading and wrong description that the impacts were confined to Eyjafjll. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland coupled with its peoples desire to cooperate contributed to this success. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). I found the place that people from Eyjafjll were supposed to evacuate to not safe [Heimaland]. To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? Cite this article. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoo and Gurn Ptursdttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. The kids they can learn everything. J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article Iceland volcano: Naval ships sent to rescue stranded Britons Aircraft carrier and assault ships deployed to boost cross-Channel options for travellers hit by ash cloud flight ban The naval ships. Its more like Hekla erupting. Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. Haiti earthquake 2010. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). Sci. There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. That would scare us much more. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. Also if they told us there was a huge, huge snowstorm coming like in the West Fjords and we could have an avalanche. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in Long-term responses . Risk Anal 20:112, Sorensen JH, Sorensen BV (2007) Community processes: warning and evacuation. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). The capital region from 19912016 ( i.e., the industry has flourished resulting in a increase. Ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 plume of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous to! Appreciated the eruption for its sheer beauty and force to them evacuation.! 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