In the Government the arrangement whereby the numerous scientific agencies form parts of larger departments has both advantages and disadvantages. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. The development of such materials and methods to the point at which they become available to medical practitioners requires teamwork involving the medical schools, the science departments of universities, Government and the pharmaceutical industry. The legislation puts technology commercialization on an equal footing with scientific research in America's national innovation system by creating a new technology directorate at the National Science Foundation. At the heart of the challenges is the adsorption of foreign gas atoms or molecules on the sample surface. Holts first-rate introduction to this new edition captures the key elements of the report, outlines its significance and fate, and considers its implications for our time. This is essential reading for anyone who cares about the future of science in America. - The function of this Division should be to support research in the physical and natural sciences. For more than 5 years many of our scientists have been fighting the war in the laboratories, in the factories and shops, and at the front. Much of the scientific research done by Government agencies is intermediate in character between the two types of work commonly referred to as basic and applied research. Background Citations. In planning the release of scientific data and experience collected in connection with the war, we must not overlook the fact that research has gone forward under many auspices -- the Army, the Navy, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, other departments and agencies of the Government, educational institutions, and many industrial organizations. the science: the endless frontiers report consists of six parts, which are: part one-introduction, includes scientific progress is essential; part two - the war on disease; part thre -science and the public welfare; part four-renewal of our scientific talent; part five-a problem of scientific reconversion; part six-the means to the end. Steps should be taken to reduce that handicap. The Internal Revenue Code should be amended to remove present uncertainties in regard to the deductibility of research and development expenditures as current charges against net income. Vannevar Bush, Science The Endless Frontier (A Report to the President) (July 1945) (). By. The deficit of those holding advanced degrees -- that is, young scholars trained to the point where they are capable of carrying on original work -- has been estimated as amounting to about 17,000 by 1955 in chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, physics, psychology, and the biological sciences. United Kingdom "Eric D. Isaacs, president of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 41 William Street Special Authority. SUMMER 2020 35. public values. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. The release of information from security regulations is but one phase of the problem. Reprints and Permissions. We will not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and more attractive and cheaper products. Maintaining liaison with other scientific research agencies, both governmental and private, concerned with the work of the Division. THE WAR AGAINST DISEASE * * * There is never enough ability at high levels to satisfy all the needs of the nation; we would not seek to draw into science any more of it than science's proportionate share.". 6. The other is to provide for preparation of the material and its publication in a form and at a price which will facilitate dissemination and use. The interdisciplinary and global approach provides a thorough introduction and includes . Periodic review of the quality of research being conducted under the auspices of the particular Division and revision of the program of support of research. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. One of our hopes is that after the war there will be full employment, and that the production of goods and services will serve to raise our standard of living. - It should be the function of this Division to support long-range scientific research on military matters. The obligation of Government to support research on military problems is inescapable. Our ability to overcome possible future enemies depends upon scientific advances which will proceed more rapidly with diffusion of knowledge than under a policy of continued restriction of knowledge now in our possession. If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice . - 1. But to achieve these objectives -- to secure a high level of employment, to maintain a position of world leadership -- the flow of new scientific knowledge must be both continuous and substantial. Meanwhile, research costs have steadily risen. The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. I cannot improve on President Conant's statement that: "* * * in every section of the entire area where the word science may properly be applied, the limiting factor is a human one. 5. Functions. . International exchange of scientific information is of growing importance. It would be folly to set up a program under which research in the natural sciences and medicine was expanded at the cost of the social sciences, humanities, and other studies so essential to national well-being. Read full-text. Each year 125,000 new mental cases are hospitalized. The Government should take an active role in promoting the international flow of scientific information. The plan is, further, that all those who receive such scholarships or fellowships in science should be enrolled in a National Science Reserve and be liable to call into the service of the Government, in connection with scientific or technical work in time of war or other national emergency declared by Congress or proclaimed by the President. In the past we have devoted much of our best efforts to the application of such knowledge which has been discovered abroad. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): On February 16, 1999, the federal governmentannounced a major change to its science policy.Some $450 million in public funds will be spent to create research institutes and networks of centres of excellence with the goal of promoting research activities and targeting specific scientific objectives. Science, The Endless Frontier is generally recognized as the iconic text of U.S. science policy. With mounting demands for scientists both for teaching and for research, we will enter the post-war period with a serious deficit in our trained scientific personnel. 1) The Bush report focused on basic science and university-trained scientific manpower, while ignoring or downplaying applied research and development. It opened the seas to clipper ships and furnished land for pioneers. Private foundations and other groups partially fulfill some of these functions at present, but their scope is incomplete and inadequate. Today, advances in public health, shared prosperity, and scientific understanding are more important than ever. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. Universities may forgo the focus on quantity, and more strongly reward research quality 56 , and perhaps more fully subsidize year-long sabbaticals. The agency responsible for recommending the release of information from military classification should be an Army, Navy, civilian body, well grounded in science and technology. Copy link Link copied. From early days the Government has taken an active interest in scientific matters. SCIENCE, THE ENDLESS FRONTIER AT 75. International Exchange of Scientific Information. Search the for Website expand_more. "Ernest J. Moniz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former US Secretary of Energy. If those who have the means coincided entirely with those persons who have the talent we should not be squandering a part of our higher education on those undeserving of it, nor neglecting great talent among those who fail to attend college for economic reasons. Clearly, the new agency, including a civilian military research group within it, can remain sufficiently flexible to adapt its operations to whatever may be the final organization of the military departments. Science Education 1944 October 28:231-38 28: 282-88; December 1944. . To formulate over-all policies of the Foundation. To enlarge the group of specially qualified men and women it is necessary to increase the number who go to college. Science, the Endless Frontier (2021 edition) | Open Library Announcing Yearly Reading Goals: Learn More or Set your 2023 goal Science, the Endless Frontier Vannevar Bush, Rush Holt Not in Library Want to Read 1 2 3 4 5 Better World Books More When you buy books using these links the Internet Archive may earn a small commission. with a new quantitative metric the CD index12 that characterizes how papers and patents change networks of citations in science and technology. All of these factors are of great importance in the development of new knowledge, since much of new knowledge is certain to arouse opposition because of its tendency to challenge current beliefs or practice. Security Restrictions Should Be Lifted Promptly. Citation Type. Continuity and stability of the program and its support may be expected (a) from the growing realization by the Congress of the benefits to the public from scientific research, and (b) from the conviction which will grow among those who conduct research under the auspices of the agency that good quality work will be followed by continuing support. The Federal Government should accept new responsibilities for promoting the creation of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in our youth. Bushs vision set the course for US science policy for more than half a century, building the worlds most productive scientific enterprise. The growth of research departments in medical schools ahs been very uneven, however, and in consequence most of the important work has been done in a few large schools. They have led to extravagantly critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system. It cannot be satisfactorily conducted in an atmosphere where it is gauged and tested by operating or production standards. - It should be the function of this Division to support and to supervise the grant of scholarships and fellowships in science. Cookies on OCLC websites. These reasons apply with particular force to science: the road is long and expensive; it extends at least 6 years beyond high school; the percentage of science students who can obtain first-rate training in institutions near home is small. We submit, however, that the nation's need for more and better scientific research is such that the risk must be accepted. National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA Tel: (703) 292-5111, FIRS: (800) 877-8339 | TDD: (800) 281-8749, National Science Foundation - Where Discoveries Begin, Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Environmental Research and Education (ERE), International Science and Engineering (OISE), Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE), Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research, Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG), Award Statistics (Budget Internet Info System), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU), Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Science Is a Proper Concern of Government. During the nineteenth century the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Naval Observatory, the Department of Agriculture, and the Geological Survey were established. The committee advising me on scientific personnel has stated the following principle which should guide our planning: "If we were all-knowing and all-wise we might, but we think probably not, write you a plan whereby there might be selected for training, which they otherwise would not get, those who, 20 years hence, would be scientific leaders, and we might not bother about any lesser manifestations of scientific ability. The act is aimed at competing with China. Many had begun their studies before they went to war. A new agency should be established, therefore, by the Congress for the purpose. This is of the utmost importance. Save Cancel CONTENTS Preface 1: Introduction 2: Pathways to Leadership Then and Now 3: Responding to an Evolving Research Enterprise 4: Science and the Public 5: Science and Philanthropy There are brains and character, strength and health, happiness and spiritual vitality, interest and motivation, and no one knows what else, that must needs enter into this supra-mathematical calculus. EPUB or PDF. Each year under this program 6,000 undergraduate scholarships would be made available to high school graduates, and 300 graduate fellowships would be offered to college graduates. The chairman of each Division should be appointed by the Members of the Foundation. Plants which are more resistant to disease and are adapted to short growing season, the prevention and cure of livestock diseases, the control of our insect enemies, better fertilizers, and improved agricultural practices, all stem from painstaking scientific research. There should be an administrative office responsible to the director to handle in one place the fiscal, legal, personnel, and other similar administrative functions necessary to the accomplishment of the purposes of the Foundation. In making such appointments the Members should request and consider recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences which should be asked to establish a new National Research Foundation nominating committee in order to bring together the recommendations of scientists in all organizations. This is particularly so since the measure of a successful research contract lies not in the dollar cost but in the qualitative and quantitative contribution which is made to our knowledge. Download Citation. To permit the release of information by one agency and to continue to restrict it elsewhere would be unfair in its effect and would tend to impair the morale and efficiency of scientists who have submerged individual interests in the controls and restrictions of war. * * * Science cannot live by and unto itself alone. Citation []. In discharging these responsibilities Federal funds should be made available. To satisfy these considerations I recommend the establishment of a Board, made up equally of scientists and military men, whose function would be to pass upon the declassification and to control the release for publication of scientific information which is now classified. At the outset these Divisions should be: 2. 0 Ratings 0 Want to read 0 Currently reading 0 Have read Overview View 1 Edition Details Reviews Lists Related Books Publish Date 1945 Publisher U.S. Govt. Government initiative and support for the development of newly discovered therapeutic materials and methods can reduce the time required to bring the benefits to the public. One of the peculiarities of basic science is the variety of paths which lead to productive advance. Further, we cannot expect industry adequately to fill the gap. Nature, 466(7309), 922-923. o Gibson . While additional physicians, hospitals, and health programs are needed, their full usefulness cannot be attained unless we enlarge our knowledge of the human organism and the nature of disease. Where clinical investigations of the human body are required, the medical schools are in a unique position, because of their close relationship to teaching hospitals, to integrate such investigations with the work of the departments of preclinical science, and to impart new knowledge to physicians in training. Only through such responsibility can we maintain the proper relationship between science and other aspects of a democratic system. . "Diane Coyle, Enlightened Economist, "This excellent reissue of Vannevar Bushs visionary work comes at a pivotal moment for our nation. Neither our allies nor, so far as we know, our enemies have done anything so radical as thus to suspend almost completely their educational activities in scientific pursuits during the war period. . We should also get it to the men studying overseas so that they will know what has happened in their absence. Now elevated and updated by the brilliant writing of former congressman Rush Holt, an unmatched champion for the advancement of science, this book is a forceful declaration of the value of science for our democracy and a ringing call to action for policymakers and the American people alike. - The National Research Foundation should develop and promote a national policy for scientific research and scientific education, should support basic research in nonprofit organizations, should develop scientific talent in American youth by means of scholarships and fellowships, and should by contract and otherwise support long-range research on military matters. research is the exploration of the unknown and is necessarily speculative. As President Roosevelt observed, the annual deaths from one or two diseases are far in excess of the total number of American lives lost in battle during this war. This is the American way; this is the way the United States has become what it is. This proposal is certainly worthy of further study. Today, we see the devastating results of our failure to advocate effectively for public and political understanding and support of Americas scientific enterprise. Industry is only to a limited extent a source of funds for basic medical research. Similarly, advance payments should be allowed in the discretion of the Director of the Foundation when required. I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. View All. It is recommended that measures which will encourage and facilitate the preparation and publication of reports be adopted forthwith by all agencies, governmental and private, possessing scientific information released from security control. Subject to the direction and supervision of the Foundation Members (acting as a board), the director should discharge all the fiscal, legal, and administrative functions of the Foundation. Much medical progress, for example, will come from fundamental advances in chemistry. His philosophy was that the entire purpose of education 'is to create Nazis'. 2. Uncertainties as to the attitude of the Bureau of Internal Revenue regarding the deduction of research and development expenses are a deterrent to research expenditure. "David Kaiser, author of Quantum Legacies: Dispatches from an Uncertain World, "Rush Holt introduces Science, the Endless Frontier to a whole new audience, and shows us why we all should be reading Vannevar Bushs landmark report. Any extension of medical facilities must be accompanied by an expanded program of medical training and research. This has always been true and is likely to remain so. The answer is clear. Notwithstanding great progress in prolonging the span of life and relief of suffering, much illness remains for which adequate means of prevention and cure are not yet known. 2021. While we are concerned primarily with methods of selecting and educating high school graduates at the college and higher levels, we cannot be complacent about the loss of potential talent which is inherent in the present situation. In this country the increase has been accompanied by more abundant food supply, better living, more leisure, longer life, and better health. The amount which can be effectively spent in the first year should not exceed 5 million dollars. By the same token these groups cannot be made the repository of the new and large responsibilities in science which belong to the Government and which the Government should accept. The Government is peculiarly fitted to perform certain functions, such as the coordination and support of broad programs on problems of great national importance. Beijing 100016, P.R. It is the special province of the medical schools and universities to foster medical research in this way -- a duty which cannot be shifted to government agencies, industrial organizations, or to any other institutions. It has been basic United States policy that Government should foster the opening of new frontiers. There is no body within the Government charged with formulating or executing a national science policy. VI. It will not receive the attention it requires if left to industry. 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