Fitzgerald's own grandfather and all great uncles had themselves been lake captains,[22] and his father owned the Milwaukee Drydock Company, which built and repaired ships. [199] Later it was determined that the life ring was not from Edmund Fitzgerald, but had been lost by the owner, whose father had made it as a personal memorial. One of the most famous ships ever to sail on the Great Lakes, the S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald was built in 1957 and early 1958 by Great Lakes Engineering Works of Ecorse, Michigan. [104], A group of three rogue waves, often called "three sisters,"[107] was reported in the vicinity of Edmund Fitzgerald at the time she sank. [31] Loading Edmund Fitzgerald with taconite pellets took about four and a half hours, while unloading took around 14hours. [191][192], The ship's bell was recovered from the wreck on July 4, 1995. [46] Woodard testified to the Marine Board that he overheard McSorley say, "Don't allow nobody on deck,"[53] as well as something about a vent that Woodard could not understand. If this were true, the two sections would be much closer. Over 26K tons of taconite was also on board, causing this shipwreck to be one of the greatest financial . Steel Great Lakes bulk freighter. 7 and 8 and both coamings were fractured and severely distorted. She was used to carry taconite from mines near Duluth, Minnesota to iron works in Detroit, Toledo and other ports. [65], Although the search recovered debris, including lifeboats and rafts, none of the crew were found. She and her sister ship, the Edward Y. Townsend, carried iron ore and other bulk cargo to and from Great Lakes ports for six decades. On November 9, 1975, the Edmund Fitzgerald pushed across the waters of Lake Superior with a cargo of iron ore. A storm came up in the afternoon and pounded the ship through the night with winds up to 75 mph, blinding snow, and waves reaching 25 feet. A freighter that had been in service for 17 years, the ship went down on the night of November 10, 1975, killing all 29 of the . 9 was not detailed enough to indicate Six Fathom Shoal as a hazard to navigation.[146]. The sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald - November 10, 1975 The SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank in Lake Superior 20 years ago. [65] Paquette, master of Wilfred Sykes, out in the same storm, said, "I'll tell anyone that it was a monster sea washing solid water over the deck of every vessel out there. [35][108] The "three sisters" phenomenon is said to occur on Lake Superior as a result of a sequence of three rogue waves forming that are one-third larger than normal waves. The May 4, 1978, NTSB findings differed from the USCG. The Edmund Fitzgerald had a 7, 000 horsepower steam turbine engine that could push the ship at around 16 miles an hour (Stonehouse 13). Commercial Ship SS Edmund Fitzgerald Model Lenght 70 - 105 (cm) - home decoration. Marie, Ontarioa distance Edmund Fitzgerald could have covered in just over an hour at her top speed. Her entire crew of 29 souls perished. Carried 72,000U.S.gal (270,000L; 60,000impgal) fuel oil, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 04:57. Frederick Stonehouse, who wrote one of the first books on the Edmund Fitzgerald wreck, moderated a 1990 panel review of the video that drew no conclusions about the cause of Edmund Fitzgerald's sinking. Sections of the coaming in way of the No. Hatches Nos. Edmund Fitzgerald was later discovered to be broken into two large pieces. The hand line consisted of a piece of line knotted at measured intervals with a lead weight on the end. [101], In 2005, NOAA and the NWS ran a computer simulation, including weather and wave conditions, covering the period from November 9, 1975, until the early morning of November 11. Captained by Ernest M. McSorley, Fitzgerald left the Burlington Northern Railroad Dock 1 in Superior Wisconsin. 1 hatch and showed indications of buckling from external loading. He told them that Edmund Fitzgerald's foundering was caused by negligence. [4][7] Captain Peter Pulcer was known for piping music day or night over the ship's intercom while passing through the St. Clair and Detroit rivers (between lakes Huron and Erie), and entertaining spectators at the Soo Locks (between Lakes Superior and Huron) with a running commentary about the ship. "[139] Edmund Fitzgerald's long-ship design was developed without the benefit of research, development, test, and evaluation principles while computerized analytical technology was not available at the time she was built. Other questions were raised as to why the USCG did not discover and take corrective action in its pre-November 1975 inspection of Edmund Fitzgerald, given that her hatch coamings, gaskets, and clamps were poorly maintained. Fitzgerald and her sister the . "[10] The ship's value at that time was $7 million (equivalent to $52.4million in 2021[11]). The large cargo vessels that roamed the five Great Lakes were known as lakers, and the S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald was, at the . While it is true that sailing conditions are good during the summer season, changes can occur abruptly, with severe storms and extreme weather and sea conditions arising rapidly. For other uses, see, Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1975, Subsequent changes to Great Lakes shipping practice, The Fitzgerald Theater is not named after the, Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, research, development, test, and evaluation, American Society for Testing and Materials, Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons, National Transportation Safety Board (1978), "Lost Ships in Canadian Waters Silver Coin Series Continues with SS Edmund Fitzgerald Saga", "Admiralty and Maritime Law Research Guide", "Historical Collections of the Great Lakes: Great Lakes Vessels Online Index", "Detroit Church Broadens Its Scope Marking, "Exhibitions at Dossin Great Lakes Museum", "Orlando, Chicago divers first to touch the wreck of the, "30th anniversary, "The Legend Lives On": Diving the, "Gordon Lightfoot Changes 'Edmund Fitzgerald' Lyrics", "50 Years of Music with Gordon Lightfoot", "Lightfoot Changes 'Edmund Fitzgerald' Lyric", "Instrumented Sled, ROV Join to Provide Enhanced Images of, "Shipwreck Overshadowed Fitzgerald's Legacy", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Edmund_Fitzgerald&oldid=1131231124, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with dead external links from September 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Edmund Fitzgerald, president of Northwestern Mutual, Fitz, Mighty Fitz, Big Fitz, Pride of the American Side, Toledo Express, Titanic of the Great Lakes, Lost with all hands (29 crew) in a storm, November 10, 1975, Single fixed pitch 19.5ft (5.9m) propeller. [198] Artifacts on display in the Steamship Valley Camp museum in Sault Ste. . Without warning or a distress signal, the Edmund Fitzgerald sank some 17 miles from Whitefish Bay near Sault Ste. Namesake of ill-fated Edmund Fitzgerald to get his due. The Edmund Fitzgerald was conceived when Northwestern Mutual contracted with . Great Lake Vessels - Arthur B Homer. The collision tore a hole in the ship's bow large enough to drive a truck through, but the Maumee was able to travel halfway around the world to a repair yard, without difficulty, because she was fitted with watertight bulkheads. [97] On the basis of the amended law, to protect wreck sites considered "watery graves", the Ontario government issued updated regulations in January 2006, including an area with a 500-meter (1,640ft) radius around Edmund Fitzgerald and other specifically designated marine archeological sites. Since the ship was heading east-southeastward, it is likely that the waves caused Edmund Fitzgerald to roll heavily. Of the thousands of shipwrecks that fill the Great Lakes, most people can name only one: the Edmund Fitzgerald. Although the director of the GLSHS admitted to conducting a sonar scan of the wreck in 2002, he denied such a survey required a license at the time it was carried out. [163] Captain Paquette of Wilfred Sykes noted that this change allowed loading to 4,000 tons more than what Edmund Fitzgerald was designed to carry. A round trip between Superior, Wisconsin, and Detroit, Michigan, usually took her five days and she averaged 47similar trips per season. Stonehouse called on ship designers and builders to design lake carriers more like ships rather than "motorized super-barges"[152] making the following comparison: Contrast this [the Edmund Fitzgerald] with the story of the SS Maumee, an oceangoing tanker that struck an iceberg near the South Pole recently. The primary objective was to record 3-D videotape for use in museum educational programs and the production of documentaries. The Homer was of a slightly different design, being 730 long, and she lacked the guest quarters of the Fitzgerald. [18] In 1969, the ship's maneuverability was improved by the installation of a diesel-powered bow thruster. [110] This meant that Edmund Fitzgerald's deck was only 11.5 feet (3.5m) above the water when she faced 35-foot (11m) waves during the November 10 storm. "[62], Lacking appropriate search-and-rescue vessels to respond to Edmund Fitzgerald's disaster,[62] at approximately 9:00p.m., the USCG asked Arthur M. Anderson to turn around and look for survivors. The Arthur M. Anderson was the last ship within sight of the Edmund Fitzgerald and the last to hear its captain's voice. It is nearly 64 years since the Edmund Fitzgerald sank in Lake Superior. [171] At the time of Edmund Fitzgerald's foundering, there was no evidence that any governmental regulatory agency tried to control vessel movement in foul weather despite the historical record that hundreds of Great Lakes vessels had been wrecked in storms. [121], Paul Hainault, a retired professor of mechanical engineering from Michigan Technological University, promoted a hypothesis that began as a student class project. [149] The NTSB investigation concluded that, at the time of Edmund Fitzgerald's foundering, Lake Survey Chart No. [82], The stress fracture hypothesis was supported by the testimony of former crewmen. [146], Edmund Fitzgerald had no system to monitor the presence or amount of water in her cargo hold, even though there was always some present. [161] The Marine Board noted that because Edmund Fitzgerald lacked a draft-reading system, the crew had no way to determine whether the vessel had lost freeboard (the level of a ship's deck above the water). The Edmund Fitzgerald is loaded with taconite pellets at Burlington Northern Railroad, Dock 1. But even this many years later, the story still captivates the public's . The USCG investigation of Edmund Fitzgerald's sinking resulted in 15recommendations regarding load lines, weathertight integrity, search and rescue capability, lifesaving equipment, crew training, loading manuals, and providing information to masters of Great Lakes vessels. Average wave heights increased to near 19 feet (5.8m) by 7:00p.m., November 10, and winds exceeded 50mph (43kn; 80km/h) over most of southeastern Lake Superior. In the years between 1816, when Invincible was lost, and 1975, when Edmund Fitzgerald sank, the Whitefish Point area had claimed at least 240ships. Marie. Her crew of 29 perished, and no bodies were recovered. Loaded with iron ore like so many other runs this vessel makes. the family didn't tell Brabon's sister, who . [162], The USCG increased Edmund Fitzgerald's load line in 1969, 1971, and 1973 to allow 3feet 3.25inches (997mm) less minimum freeboard than Edmund Fitzgerald's original design allowed in 1958. Around 10:30p.m., the USCG asked all commercial vessels anchored in or near Whitefish Bay to assist in the search. [9] In 1957, they contracted Great Lakes Engineering Works (GLEW), of River Rouge, Michigan, to design and construct the ship "within a foot of the maximum length allowed for passage through the soon-to-be completed Saint Lawrence Seaway. "In the moment as I was arguing with my sister about one thing or another, we heard my mother scream," said Borgeson. His hypothesis held that Edmund Fitzgerald grounded at 9:30a.m. on November 10 on Superior Shoal. The ship was christened on June 7, 1958 at River Rouge, Michigan and set off on its maiden voyage on September 24th of that same year.From the time of her christening until 1971, the Edmund Fitzgerald The SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank Lake Superior nearly 47 years ago. [181] NTSB's investigation resulted in 19recommendations for the USCG, four recommendations for the American Bureau of Shipping, and two recommendations for NOAA. rushes over the hull, empty of sailors, fills the ship with water. [61] Petty Officer Philip Branch later testified, "I considered it serious, but at the time it was not urgent. Darbynwoods. [169] Paquette was never asked to testify during the USCG or NTSB investigations. [129][130][131] After maritime historian Frederick Stonehouse moderated the panel reviewing the video footage from the 1989ROV survey of Edmund Fitzgerald, he concluded that the extent of taconite coverage over the wreck site showed that the stern had floated on the surface for a short time and spilled taconite into the forward section; thus the two sections of the wreck did not sink at the same time. Both the Homer and Fitzgerald were the largest iron ore carriers built on the Great Lakes. Facts about Edmund Fitzgerald present the information about an American Green Lakes freighter. Gordon Lightfoot's song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" (1976, Moose Music, Ltd.) is a tribute to this ship wreck and the men who lost their lives.Some of the lyrics of the song are given below along with descriptions of related events. Thompson further conjectured that damage more extensive than Captain McSorley could detect in the pilothouse let water flood the cargo hold. The Edmund Fitzgerald was lost with her entire crew of 29 men on Lake Superior November 10, 1975, 17 miles north-northwest of Whitefish Point, Michigan. The journey ended about 17 miles north-northwest of . [73] The dive was brief, and although the dive team drew no final conclusions, they speculated that Edmund Fitzgerald had broken up on the surface. The ship broke apart on the surface within seconds. In 1957 the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance . . The next morning, Jack Borgeson remembers his mother brushing his sister's hair in front of the TV when news came on of the ship's sinking. [190] The church continued to hold an annual memorial, reading the names of the crewmen and ringing the church bell, until 2006 when the church broadened its memorial ceremony to commemorate all lives lost on the Great Lakes. [95][96] Conducting any of those activities without a license would result in fines of up to CA$1 million. Compressed air pressure blew a hole in the starboard bow, which sank 18degrees off course. Many theorize what conditions caused the ship to go down that night. The lake, it is said, never gives up her dead. Once each trip, the captain held a candlelight dinner for the guests, complete with mess-jacketed stewards and special "clamdigger" punch. He theorized that the loss of the vents resulted in flooding of two ballast tanks or a ballast tank and a walking tunnel that caused the ship to list. Great lakes Edmund Fitzgerald porter beer, Cleveland Ohio Made. Conversion to oil fuel and the fitting of automated boiler controls over the winter of 197172. Arthur B. Homer was permanently laid up in 1980 and broken for scrap in 1987. [177] In addition to the crew, 26,116 long tons (29,250 short tons; 26,535t) of taconite sank along with the vessel. The LCA represented the Great Lakes fleet owners and was able to forestall watertight subdivision regulations[156] by arguing that this would cause economic hardship for vessel operators. For 17years, Edmund Fitzgerald carried taconite iron ore from mines near Duluth, Minnesota, to iron works in Detroit, Michigan; Toledo, Ohio; and other Great Lakes ports. The event was plagued by misfortunes. An event of interest to all Great Lakes historians occurred on June 7th of this year. This would restrict the operation of vessels in sea states above the limiting value. [203][204], In 1986, writer Steven Dietz and songwriter/lyricist Eric Peltoniemi wrote the musical Ten November in memory of Edmund Fitzgerald's sinking. The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald. Arthur B. Homer was lengthened to 825 feet (251m) and placed back in service by December 1975, not long after Edmund Fitzgerald foundered. Bar used beer tap made into a hat rack or coat rack. It has virtually no watertight integrity. 138. This is perfect for the lake boat enthusiast, modeler or historian. They found that the Canadian 1973navigational chart for the Six Fathom Shoal area was based on Canadian surveys from 1916 and 1919 and that the 1973U.S. Lake Survey Chart No. [135] The two vessels were built in the same shipyard using welded joints instead of the riveted joints used in older ore freighters. The SS Edmund Fitzgerald was an American Great Lakes freighter that sank, during a storm, in Lake Superior on November 10, 1975. A replica engraved with the names of the 29sailors who died replaced the original on the wreck. This ship will have the unique opportunity to commemorate a . "[107] Cooper went on to say that these two waves, possibly followed by a third, continued in the direction of Edmund Fitzgerald and would have struck about the time she sank. Link as the support vessel, and their manned submersible, Celia. Former Second Mate Richard Orgel, who served on Edmund Fitzgerald in 1972 and 1973, testified that "the ship had a tendency to bend and spring during storms 'like a diving board after somebody has jumped off. The Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society (GLSHS) has conducted three underwater . [77], Canadian explorer Joseph B. MacInnis organized and led six publicly funded dives to Edmund Fitzgerald over a three-day period in 1994. A series of 16consecutive hatch cover clamps were observed on the No. [45] Until then, Edmund Fitzgerald had followed Arthur M. Anderson, which was travelling at a constant 14.6 miles per hour (12.7kn; 23.5km/h),[40] but the faster Edmund Fitzgerald pulled ahead at about 3:00a.m.[46] As the storm center passed over the ships, they experienced shifting winds, with wind speeds temporarily dropping as wind direction changed from northeast to south and then northwest. That evening, the ship radioed another vessel, Avafors . [71], From May 20 to 28, 1976, the U.S. Navy dived on the wreck using its unmanned submersible, CURV-III, and found Edmund Fitzgerald lying in two large pieces in 530 feet (160m) of water. The wreck hasnt been visited since they removed the ships bell in 1994 and as of 2006 Canada will fine you up to $1.2M if you are within 500m of the wreck with any kind of submersible. Navy estimates put the length of the bow section at 276 feet (84m) and that of the stern section at 253 feet (77m). Thirty-eight years ago, the Edmund Fitzgerald sank in a Lake Superior storm in 1975, along with its entire crew of 29, including two young men from Ashtabula. 1 hatch were fractured and buckled inward. [211] Memorabilia on sale include Christmas ornaments, T-shirts, coffee mugs, Edmund Fitzgerald Porter, videos, and other items commemorating the vessel and its loss. 40 years after Edmund Fitzgerald wreck, crew member's brother shares memories. Check out our edmund fitzgerald ship selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. The events of that night and what happened to the 729-foot freighter are still a mystery to the world. 1. [146] After running computer models in 2005 using actual meteorological data from November 10, 1975, Hultquist of the NWS said of Edmund Fitzgerald's position in the storm, "It ended in precisely the wrong place at the absolute worst time. [153], After Edmund Fitzgerald foundered, Great Lakes shipping companies were accused of valuing cargo payloads more than human life,[154] since the vessel's cargo hold of 860,950 cubic feet (24,379m3) had been divided by two non-watertight traverse "screen" bulkheads. [81] Deepquest Ltd. conducted seven dives and took more than 42 hours of underwater video[82] while Shannon set the record for the longest submersible dive to Edmund Fitzgerald at 211 minutes. Today in Great Lake news, well history lesson of Great Lakes, I should say :) The Arthur B Homer, or the sister ship of the Edmund Fitzgerald, which I have given a history on before, entered service on April 20, 1960. Fra 1958 til 1971 var det et af de strste skibe der sejlede p serne. [157], A fathometer was not required under USCG regulations, and Edmund Fitzgerald lacked one,[158] even though fathometers were available at the time of her sinking. SS Edmund Fitzgerald was an American Great Lakes freighter that sank in Lake Superior during a storm on November 10, 1975, with the loss of the entire crew of 29 men. She was found with cracks after the Big Fitz sank and then they scrapped her in 1986, so . On November 10, 1975, the S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald broke in half and sunk in Lake Superior. From the beginning of the USCG inquiry, some of the crewmen's families and various labor organizations believed the USCG findings could be tainted because there were serious questions regarding their preparedness as well as licensing and rules changes. "[166] The USCG did not broadcast that all ships should seek safe anchorage until after 3:35p.m. on November 10, many hours after the weather was upgraded from a gale to a storm. [27] In Edmund Fitzgerald's case, they signed a 25-year contract with Oglebay Norton Corporation to operate the vessel. With a deadweight capacity of 26,000 long tons (29,120 short tons; 26,417 t), and a 729-foot (222 m) hull, Edmund Fitzgerald was the longest ship on the Great Lakes, earning her the title Queen of the Lakes until September 17, 1959, . But hopefully closure and peace came to the families of those crew members that perished in . The ship was carrying a cargo of iron ore pellets weighing about 26,100 tons, and it left from Superior, Wisconsin, heading to the steel mill on Zug Island. The ship is scheduled to transport the cargo to Zug Island on the Detroit River. [102] Analysis of the simulation showed that two separate areas of high wind appeared over Lake Superior at 4:00p.m. on November 10. Every November 10, the Split Rock Lighthouse near Silver Bay, Minnesota, emits a light in honor of Edmund Fitzgerald. For data concerning Canadian areas, Canadian authorities have been consulted. 1 hatch cover was entirely inside the No. Edmund Fitzgerald may have been swamped, suffered structural failure or topside damage, grounded on a shoal, or suffered from a combination of these. [4] While navigating the Soo Locks he would often come out of the pilothouse and use a bullhorn to entertain tourists with a commentary on details about Edmund Fitzgerald. [134] Burgner was not asked to testify before the Marine Board of Inquiry. When launched, she was the largest ship on the Great Lakes, and she remains the largest to have sunk there. By the next day, the two ships were caught in a severe storm on Lake Superior, with near-hurricane-force winds and waves up to 35 feet (11m) high. The SS Edmund Fitzgerald The Story of The Edmund Fitzgerald: The History. It's the last and the largest ship ever lost on the lakes. Reclaimed. [106] The analysis further showed that the maximum sustained winds reached near hurricane force of about 70mph (61kn; 110km/h) with gusts to 86 miles per hour (75kn; 138km/h) at the time and location where Edmund Fitzgerald sank. [114] Captain Paquette of Wilfred Sykes was dismissive of suggestions that unlocked hatch clamps caused Edmund Fitzgerald to founder. Followed in tandem by its sister ship the SS Arthur M Anderson, it became increasingly difficult for the two ships to stay in convoy in the winds of 35 to 50 knots (65-93 km/h; 40-58 mph), and . [126] Hainault's hypothesis held that this seiche contributed to Edmund Fitzgerald shoaling 200 feet (61m) of her hull on Superior Shoal, causing the hull to be punctured mid-body. The disaster is one of the best known in the history of Great Lakes shipping. In 1978, without explanation, Bethlehem Steel Corporation denied permission for the chairman of the NTSB to travel on Arthur B. Homer. Marie, include two lifeboats, photos, a movie of Edmund Fitzgerald and commemorative models and paintings. Other authors have concluded that Edmund Fitzgerald most likely broke in two on the surface before sinking due to the intense waves, like the ore carriers SSCarl D. Bradley and SSDaniel J. [4] The vessel ran aground in 1969, and she collided with SS Hochelaga in 1970. An additional $2.1million lawsuit was later filed. All of the 14other clamps were undamaged and in the open position. The Traverse City, Michigan, USCG station launched an HU-16 fixed-wing search aircraft that arrived on the scene at 10:53p.m. while an HH-52 USCG helicopter with a 3.8-million-candlepower searchlight arrived at 1:00a.m. on November 11. The final position of the wreckage indicated that if the Edmund Fitzgerald had capsized, it must have suffered a structural failure before hitting the lake bottom. [48] Two of Edmund Fitzgerald's six bilge pumps ran continuously to discharge shipped water. She set seasonal haul records six different times. "[88] Shannon concluded that "massive and advancing structural failure" caused Edmund Fitzgerald to break apart on the surface and sink. Sister Lakes Postcard, Collectible Chautauqua Lake Postcards, A delay of 36 minutes followed while the shipyard crew struggled to release the keel blocks. Some theories deal with the weather conditions as well as focusing on equipment malfunctions that took . The SS Edmund Fitzgerald was a 729-foot freighter plying the Great Lakes for 17 years before it sank Nov. 10, 1975, during a violent storm - 35-foot waves, hurricane-force winds - on Lake Superior. My apologies for any mispronunciation in the video.My source:https://greatlakesships.wordpress.c. THE EDMUND FITZGERALD LEAVES PORT from northwestern Wisconsin on November 9, 1975. ", Lightfoot changed the third line to "At 7 p.m. it grew dark, it was then". [134] Paquette held the opinion that negligence caused Edmund Fitzgerald to founder. Measuring 729 feet (222 meters) in length and weighing over 13,632 gross tons, the Edmund Fitzgerald was . It was 730 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 39 feet high. In 2005, the play was re-edited into a concert version called The Gales of November,[205] which opened on the 30th anniversary of the sinking at the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul, Minnesota. 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A distress signal, the Captain held a candlelight dinner for the guests, complete with mess-jacketed and! They scrapped her in 1986, so was, at 04:57 at Burlington Northern,... Down that night and what happened to the families of those crew members that perished in edmund fitzgerald sister ship a! Areas, Canadian authorities have been consulted vessels anchored in or near Whitefish Bay near Sault Ste broken... Of that night marie, include two lifeboats, photos, a movie of Edmund was. Broken for scrap in 1987 grew dark, it was then '', people. [ 114 ] Captain Paquette of Wilfred Sykes was dismissive of suggestions that unlocked hatch clamps caused Edmund Fitzgerald,... Fuel and the largest ship ever lost on the surface within seconds by.
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