[50] He also had two Macedonian princes from the region of Lyncestis killed for having been involved in his father's assassination, but spared a third, Alexander Lyncestes. [19], When Alexander was 13, Philip began to search for a tutor, and considered such academics as Isocrates and Speusippus, the latter offering to resign from his stewardship of the Academy to take up the post. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC. We are proud to offer over 125 university level courses that transfer to other universities and colleges in the BCCAT system. Suspicion has fallen upon Alexander, Olympias and even the newly crowned Persian Emperor, Darius III. [149] Arrian also mentioned this as an alternative, but Plutarch specifically denied this claim. [259], Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris. [258], The eastern borders of Alexander's empire began to collapse even during his lifetime. [116] Alexander minted gold staters, silver tetradrachms and drachims, and various fractional bronze coins. Sometime after the wedding, Philip is said to have seen himself, in a dream, securing his wife's womb with a seal engraved with a lion's image. [275] Several Buddhist traditions may have been influenced by the ancient Greek religion: the concept of Boddhisatvas is reminiscent of Greek divine heroes,[278] and some Mahayana ceremonial practices (burning incense, gifts of flowers, and food placed on altars) are similar to those practised by the ancient Greeks; however, similar practices were also observed amongst the native Indic culture. [47][48][49], Alexander began his reign by eliminating potential rivals to the throne. After his trip to Siwa, Alexander was crowned in the temple of Ptah at Memphis. WebFind your Area of Focus. Several fictitious letters, some perhaps based on actual letters, made their way into the Romance tradition. [114] However, Alexander's constant demands for troops and the migration of Macedonians throughout his empire depleted Macedon's strength, greatly weakening it in the years after Alexander, and ultimately led to its subjugation by Rome after the Third Macedonian War (171168 BC). CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. He appointed Porus as satrap, and added to Porus's territory land that he did not previously own, towards the south-east, up to the Hyphasis (Beas). [147], Given the propensity of the Macedonian aristocracy to assassination,[150] foul play featured in multiple accounts of his death. [149][152] The accounts were nevertheless fairly consistent in designating Antipater, recently removed as Macedonian viceroy and at odds with Olympias, as the head of the alleged plot. [107][260] The first, and greatest, was Alexandria in Egypt, which would become one of the leading Mediterranean cities. [102] However, Alexander's eventual decision to burn the Achaemenid palace at Persepolis in conjunction with the major rejection and opposition of the "entire Persian people" made it impracticable for him to pose himself as Darius' legitimate successor. The earliest of these is Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), followed by Quintus Curtius Rufus (mid-to-late 1st century AD), Arrian (1st to 2nd century AD), the biographer Plutarch (1st to 2nd century AD), and finally Justin, whose work dated as late as the 4th century. [112], In general, Greece enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during Alexander's campaign in Asia. 336-323 BC. Taking advantage of this power vacuum, Chandragupta Maurya (referred to in Greek sources as "Sandrokottos"), of relatively humble origin, took control of the Punjab, and with that power base proceeded to conquer the Nanda Empire. [252], According to Diodorus Siculus, Alexander accumulated a harem in the style of Persian kings, but he used it rather sparingly, "not wishing to offend the Macedonians",[253] showing great self-control in "pleasures of the body". Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure. City of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. top of page. [59], News then reached Alexander that the Illyrian chieftain Cleitus and King Glaukias of the Taulantii were in open revolt against his authority. [192], In his first battle in Asia, at Granicus, Alexander used only a small part of his forces, perhaps 13,000 infantry with 5,000 cavalry, against a much larger Persian force of 40,000. In the aftermath of Massaga and Ora, numerous Assakenians fled to the fortress of Aornos. The horse refused to be mounted, and Philip ordered it away. Trending. During his stay in Egypt, he founded Alexandria, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after his death. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8. With the Athenians lost, the Thebans were surrounded. Biology. [120], The fort of Massaga was reduced only after days of bloody fighting, in which Alexander was wounded seriously in the ankle. [181] However, the power vacuum he left in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent directly gave rise to one of the most powerful Indian dynasties in history, the Maurya Empire. Communications. Some of the most pronounced effects of Hellenization can be seen in Afghanistan and India, in the region of the relatively late-rising Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250125 BC) (in modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan) and the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC 10 AD) in modern Afghanistan and India. Vocabulary. However, the memorial was found to be dedicated to the dearest friend of Alexander the Great, Hephaestion. [171] The recent discovery of an enormous tomb in northern Greece, at Amphipolis, dating from the time of Alexander the Great[172] has given rise to speculation that its original intent was to be the burial place of Alexander. [62], After his victory at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Philip II began the work of establishing himself as hgemn (Greek: ) of a league which according to Diodorus was to wage a campaign against the Persians for the sundry grievances Greece suffered in 480 and free the Greek cities of the western coast and islands from Achaemenid rule. Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), encounter between Alexander and Diogenes the Cynic, Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia. ABOUT US; CONTACT US; CITY BOARDS; NEWS & EVENTS. After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Raoxshna in Old Iranian) to cement relations with his new satrapies, Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent. [162], Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket. The so-called "Alexander Sarcophagus", discovered near Sidon and now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, is so named not because it was thought to have contained Alexander's remains, but because its bas-reliefs depict Alexander and his companions fighting the Persians and hunting. [131] This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. [125][126] Choosing a local helped him control these lands so distant from Greece. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units. [256] His campaigns greatly increased contacts and trade between East and West, and vast areas to the east were significantly exposed to Greek civilization and influence. [177][178][179] In addition, Leosthenes, also, likened the anarchy between the generals, after Alexander's death, to the blinded Cyclops "who after he had lost his eye went feeling and groping about with his hands before him, not knowing where to lay them". UPCOMING EVENTS. [308], In pre-Islamic Middle Persian (Zoroastrian) literature, Alexander is referred to by the epithet gujastak, meaning "accursed", and is accused of destroying temples and burning the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. [194] Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3km (1.86mi). WebAlexander disease is a rare disorder of the nervous system. [318] During the first Italian campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars, in a question from Bourrienne, asking whether he gave his preference to Alexander or Caesar, Napoleon said that he places Alexander The Great in the first rank, the main reason being his campaign on Asia. The Athenians, led by Demosthenes, voted to seek alliance with Thebes against Macedonia. Many of these areas remained in Macedonian hands or under Greek influence for the next 200300 years. While Philip was occupied in Thrace, Alexander was ordered to muster an army for a campaign in southern Greece. ABOUT US. In 335 BC, shortly after his assumption of kingship over Macedon, he campaigned in the Balkans and reasserted control over Thrace and Illyria before marching on the city of Thebes, which was subsequently destroyed in battle. WebAlexander Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework. Its meaning is derived from the components alexo (I defend) and aner (man). UPCOMING EVENTS. WebLeading promotional products manufacturer since 1943. The types of these coins remained constant in his empire. [127] Alexander founded two cities on opposite sides of the Hydaspes river, naming one Bucephala, in honour of his horse, who died around this time. Vocabulary. [128] The other was Nicaea (Victory), thought to be located at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab. They went on to occupy the city of Elatea, only a few days' march from both Athens and Thebes. The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. After that victory he was sent by Alexander in pursuit of Porus, to whom he was charged to offer favourable terms, but narrowly escaped losing his life at the hands of his old enemy. Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. We are proud to be a store that reflects our interests and those of our community. [96] The Persian king no longer controlled his own destiny, and was taken prisoner by Bessus, his Bactrian satrap and kinsman. [142] Alexander admired Cyrus the Great, from an early age reading Xenophon's Cyropaedia, which described Cyrus's heroism in battle and governance as a king and legislator. [219], According to Plutarch, Alexander also had a violent temper and rash, impulsive nature,[220] and this could influence his decision making. Its meaning is derived from the components alexo (I defend) and aner (man). None of Alexander's contemporaries, however, are known to have explicitly described Alexander's relationship with Hephaestion as sexual, though the pair was often compared to Achilles and Patroclus, whom classical Greek culture painted as a couple. WebAlexander (2004) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. He developed a life-long love of reading and Macedonian losses were negligible compared to those of the Persians. Myelin is the fatty covering that insulates nerve fibers and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses. Alexander was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia, a realm north of Greece. Custom promotional products for any budget. [85] He sent the bulk of his army to the Persian ceremonial capital of Persepolis via the Persian Royal Road. He is known as 'the great' both for his [251] Two of these pregnancies Stateira's and Barsine's are of dubious legitimacy. Ptolemy IX Lathyros, one of Ptolemy's final successors, replaced Alexander's sarcophagus with a glass one so he could convert the original to coinage. Alexander moved back and forth between Detroit's active roster and practice squad over the first half of the season. The stronghold was heavily fortified and built on a hill, requiring a siege. Commerce. [299][300], Arrian wrote that Aristobulus said that Alexander named Icarus island (modern Failaka Island) in the Persian Gulf after Icarus island in the Aegean. [120], After Aornos, Alexander crossed the Indus and fought and won an epic battle against King Porus, who ruled a region lying between the Hydaspes and the Acesines (Chenab), in what is now the Punjab, in the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326BC. Geoff W. Adams, The Roman Emperor Gaius "Caligula" and His Hellenistic Aspirations, pp 46. But this mania for Alexander, strange as it was, was overshadowed by subsequent events in Alexandria. When Alexander asked Diogenes what he could do for him, the philosopher disdainfully asked Alexander to stand a little to the side, as he was blocking the sunlight. [61] While the other cities again hesitated, Thebes decided to fight. The anguish that Alexander felt after Hephaestion's death may also have contributed to his declining health. He is described as having one eye light and one eye dark. [221] He had a calmer sideperceptive, logical, and calculating. One Greek king, Menander I, probably became Buddhist, and was immortalized in Buddhist literature as 'Milinda'. Alexander was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia, a realm north of Greece. on the country in which you live. Alexander personally defeated the Scythians at the Battle of Jaxartes and immediately launched a campaign against Spitamenes, defeating him in the Battle of Gabai. He founded more than twenty cities, with the most prominent being the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Computer Science. Buy Now. [76] After three unsuccessful assaults, the stronghold fell, but not before Alexander had received a serious shoulder wound. A 1998 article in the New England Journal of Medicine attributed his death to typhoid fever complicated by bowel perforation and ascending paralysis. According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. Alexander not only returned Ambhi his title and the gifts but he also presented him with a wardrobe of "Persian robes, gold and silver ornaments, 30 horses and 1,000 talents in gold". Alexander endeavored to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326 BC, achieving an important victory over Porus, an ancient Indian king of present-day Punjab, at the Battle of the Hydaspes. Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Top 250 TV Shows Most Popular TV Shows Most Popular Video Games Most Popular Music Videos Most Popular Podcasts. Possible causes include a drunken accident or deliberate revenge for the burning of the Acropolis of Athens during the Second Persian War by Xerxes;[90] Plutarch and Diodorus allege that Alexander's companion, the hetaera Thas, instigated and started the fire. "[123] A similar slaughter followed at Ora. [20], Mieza was like a boarding school for Alexander and the children of Macedonian nobles, such as Ptolemy, Hephaistion, and Cassander. These only occasionally quote the letters and it is an open question how reliable such quotations are. Many of these students would become his friends and future generals, and are often known as the "Companions". Alexander: Directed by Oliver Stone. [225] His delusions of grandeur are readily visible in his will and in his desire to conquer the world,[153] in as much as he is by various sources described as having boundless ambition,[226][227] an epithet, the meaning of which has descended into a historical clich. Nicknames for Alexander include Alex, Xander, and Sasha. [62] Alexander had no obvious or legitimate heir, his son Alexander IV by Roxane being born after Alexander's death. The song 'Alexander the Great' by the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden is indicative. Alexander, however, detecting the horse's fear of its own shadow, asked to tame the horse, which he eventually managed. [17] Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes; Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Nearchus; Aristobulus, a junior officer on the campaigns; and Onesicritus, Alexander's chief helmsman. WebLeading promotional products manufacturer since 1943. [115], Alexander appears to have introduced a new coinage in Cilicia in Tarsus, after the Battle of Issus in 333 BC, which went on to become the main coinage of the empire. [73][74] The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into slavery. 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